Virtual Realitys Benefits and Usages in Concurrent Engineering

Introduction According to Giebels, concurrent engineering refers to the design of a product’s lifecycle through the use of design team, production tools and automated engineering (46). The concept of concurrent engineering emphasizes on the interdependence between equipment and people in the design and lifecycle of a product. Developing a unique product design requires a close coordination between human resource and machines.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Virtual Reality’s Benefits and Usages in Concurrent Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Phases of concurrent engineering In the manufacturing sector, firms have come to realize that people must work closely with the machines to help in reducing operational costs, and improving quality of the products (Micky 12). The figure below shows different phases of concurrent engineering. Figure 1: Phases of concurrent engineering Source (Sullivan , Erevelles, and Gwan 2) As shown in the figure above, the initial stage of concurrent engineering is the identification of the components of the design system. They include the machines and people who are expected to take part in the design of a given product. As Dickey says, the computers used must be relevant to the product that is to be designed (World 206). It must have the relevant software and capacity to come up with the exact features desired of the product. The people involved must know what they are looking for out of a produc. They must also know how to use the computers to come up with the designed which is desired.  The second step is the design itself. According to Turkle, this is one of the most complex stages of concurrent engineering (82). At this stage, the designers will try to come up with a product that is new in the market.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important to note that the computers used do not come up with the design of a product. They only aid in the process of developing the design. The designers must think of the right features of the product, including shape, size, color, and other designs of the product. It may take a long time to design an acceptable product that is acceptable in the market. The next step is the development of a prototype. In many cases, Condric says that a team of designers may not come up with a successful product in the first attempt (340). For instance, the first prototype may meet the primary needs of the target customers but may fail in other aspects. The team may be required to adjust the prototype till it meets the expectations of the targeted customers. The fourth step is the initial production where samples of the product are taken to the market to test its acceptability. If it is accepted, then the final stage will be to launch it (Holden 202). During the launch, the product is manufact ured in mass and distributed to different markets. Applications of Concurrent Engineering Concurrent engineering is applied in the manufacturing sector (Ylvisaker 15). The main advantage of this technology is that it helps manufacturers to design products which meet the expectations of the customers in the best way possible by including all the features that they desire using computers. It makes the manufacturing process simpler than when using traditional methods. The Platform Concurrent engineering is based on integration of computers and designers when developing new products (Lehdonvirta 62). These two components must work together to achieve success. Relationship of concurrent engineering and computer-aided designs The computer-aided design is a process of concurrent engineering. It falls under the second phase of design in concurrent engineering. Gaps of current concurrent manufacturing Gaps in the current concurrent engineering may need to be addressed to help enhance its app lication in designing products. Ylvisaker identifies one of the gaps as the inability of the designers to test their products in a virtual world (41). It forces them to produce a prototype to test the effectiveness of the product. Another gap is the limited knowledge of the current designers when it comes to using computers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Virtual Reality’s Benefits and Usages in Concurrent Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Computer-Aided Designs (CAD) Computer aided-designs have become very popular due to the advancement of information technology. Xu and Miro define computer-aided designs as â€Å"The use of information technology (IT) in the Design process† (544). As the name suggests, the designers rely on computers to generate product designs that meet the expectation of the stakeholders. Salmon says that the designer plays a central role in the entire process, from the initial stage of problem identification to the final stage of implementation (72). He/she acts as the driver with a clear vision of the final destination of the process. In many cases, the design process may involve many experts. Some experts may be specialized on the components and structure of the product while others may be specialized on shape and color. The use of computers makes it possible to come up with complex designs within a very short time (Salt, Atkins, and Blackall 84). Given the fact that the initial products will be developed in a virtual world, wastage is also eliminated. Features of computer-aided designs Computer-aided designs have unique features that make them relevant in the current manufacturing setting. According to Bordegoni and Rizzi, CAD uses digital sketching in a virtual world (49). This is completely different from what is the case when using traditional design tools. It makes it possible to come up with different sketches of a product within a sho rt time. The designer can experiment with different designs before identifying the one which is appropriate. Bartle says that CAD uses flexible modeling tools that fit in different contexts (117). In the past, designers had to use tools tailored to act in a given way. However, this changed with the invention of CAD. Designers now have the liberty to come up with distinctive products using different approaches. They can experiment with different methods before coming up with the right product. The use of computer-aided designs has brought about unprecedented realism in a virtual world of design (Grenfell and Idda 38). It facilitates visualization of design in a way that makes it appear as real as possible. One of the main challenges that were witnessed in the initial stages of using computers in the design processes was that the designs shown in the computers were slightly different from the actual designs of the product given as the prototype. The model helps the designers to view t he product in all angles before authorizing the production of the prototype. Other important features of CAD include accuracy, quality, and precision in product development (Ortiz-Catalan at al. 41). This technology emphasizes on precision when it comes to issues such as color, size, shape, weight, and other dimensions of a product. The precision helps in enhancing product quality. It also promotes standardization of the products delivered to customers.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Usages of computer-aided designs Computer-aided design is majorly used in companies at the design stage of product development. It is a popular technology among large-scale manufacturers (Dittmer 145). This technology is also used by people practicing fine arts. Limitations of computer-aided designs The main limitation when it comes to using computer-aided designs is the need for special expertise. The designers must have the capacity to use complex computer programs to come up with products. In many cases, it may force a firm to spend more in training its designers on how to use new software. Virtual Reality (VR) Bilalis defines virtual reality as â€Å"Computer based, interactive, multi-sensory environment that occurs in real time† (3). This technology uses computer software and hardware to create an environment that appears to be in the real-world. Virtual reality is used in various fields, from communication to trade and manufacturing. Its ability to create a virtual envi ronment that appears to be real environment to the users is its most outstanding feature. Differences between CAD and VR Computer-aided designs and virtual reality technologies have one fundamental difference. A person using virtual reality will feel to be part of the virtual environment. It means that when one is using VR technology to design a product, he/she will be able to feel the product as it changes from one stage to the next (Savin-Baden at al. 56). The designer and the product under development will be in the same world. This is not the case with computer-aided designs where designer and the product are in different worlds till the stage where a prototype is produced. How VR can overcome limitations of CAD It was mentioned that sometimes the product seen in the computer when using CAD technology may have different features from the one produced because the product and the designer are in different world. This limitation is addressed using VR technology (Savin-Baden 55). Th e product seen in the virtual world will be the same as that which is finally produced. How VR can be a successful part of concurrent manufacturing Virtual reality can be successful part of concurrent manufacturing, especially in the design process (Dickey Teaching 110). It can help designers to come up with superior products in a virtual world that meets the expectation of customers. Works Cited Bartle, Richard. Designing virtual worlds. Indianapolis: New Riders Publishing, 2004. Print. Bilalis, Nicos. Computer-Aided Design. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, 2000. Print. Bordegoni, Monica, and Caterina Rizzi. Innovation in Product Design from CAD to Virtual Prototyping. London: Springer, 2011. Print. Condric, Katherine. â€Å"Using Second Life as a training tool in an academic library.† The Reference Librarian 50.4 (2009): 333-345. Print. Dickey, Moses. â€Å"Teaching in 3D: Pedagogical affordances and constraints of 3D virtual worlds for synchronous distance learning.† D istance Education 24.1 (2003): 105-121. Print. —. â€Å"World of Warcraft and the impact of game culture and play in an undergraduate game design course.† Computers Education 56.1 (2011): 200-209. Print. Dittmer, Jones. â€Å"Immersive virtual worlds in university-level human geography courses.† International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education 19.2 (2010): 139-154. Print. Giebels, Mark. Eto Plan: a Concept for Concurrent Manufacturing, Planning and Control. Netherlands: Print Partners Ipskamp, 2000. Print. Grenfell, James, Warren Idda. â€Å"Virtual worlds to enhance student engagement.† The international journal of technology, knowledge and society 6.1 (2010): 25-40. Print. Holden, Mike. â€Å"Virtual environments for motor rehabilitation: review.† Cyberpsychol Behavior 8.3 (2005): 187–211. Print. Lehdonvirta, Vincent. â€Å"Virtual worlds don’t exist: Questioning the dichotomous approach in MMO studies.† T he International Journal of Computer Game Research 10.1 (2010): 34-89. Print. Ortiz-Catalan, Max, Sharon Nijenhuis, Kurt Ambrosch, Thamar Bovend, Sebastian Koenig, and Belinda Lange. Virtual Reality. Berlin: Springer, 2014. Print. Salmon, George. E-Moderating: The Key to Teaching and Learning Online. London: Routledge Falmer, 2004. Print. Salt, Ben, Clare Atkins, and Leigh Blackall. Engaging with Second Life: Real Education in a Virtual World. San Francisco: Wiley, 2008. Print. Savin-Baden, Maggi. A Practical Guide to Using Second Life in Higher Education. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print. Savin-Baden, Maggi, Katherine Wimpenny, Matt Mawer, Nicole Steils, Cathy Tombs, and Gamma Tombs. Reviewing Perspectives on Virtual Worlds: Learning Innovation Research Group. Maidenhead: McGraw Hill, 2012. Print. Sullivan, Laura, Winston Erevelles, and Lai Gwan. Implementing Concurrent Engineering through Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing – An NSF-Funded Project. New York: Cengage, 20 03. Print. Turkle, Sammy. The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2005. Print. Xu, Xun, and Duhovic Miro. â€Å"Computer-aided Concurrent Environment for Manufacturing Education.† International Journal of Engineering Education 20.4 (2004): 543-551. Print. Ylvisaker Micky. â€Å"Context-sensitive cognitive rehabilitation after brain injury: theory and practice.† Brain Impair 4.1 (2003): 1-16. Print. This essay on Virtual Reality’s Benefits and Usages in Concurrent Engineering was written and submitted by user Ali York to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The U.S. Economy of the1960s and 1970s

The U.S. Economy of the1960s and 1970s The 1950s in America are often described as a time of complacency. By contrast, the 1960s and 1970s were a time of significant change. New nations emerged around the world, and insurgent movements sought to overthrow existing governments. Established countries grew to become economic powerhouses that rivaled the United States, and economic relationships came to predominate in a world that increasingly recognized that the military may not be the only means of growth and expansion. The 1960s Effect on the Economy President John F. Kennedy (1961-1963) ushered in a more activist approach to governing. During his 1960 presidential campaign, Kennedy said he would ask Americans to meet the challenges of the New Frontier. As president, he sought to accelerate economic growth by increasing government spending and cutting taxes, and he pressed for medical help for the elderly, aid for inner cities, and increased funds for education. Many of these proposals were not enacted, although Kennedys vision of sending Americans abroad to help developing nations did materialize with the creation of the Peace Corps. Kennedy also stepped up American space exploration. After his death, the American space program surpassed Soviet achievements and culminated in the landing of American astronauts on the moon in July 1969. President Kennedys assassination in 1963 spurred Congress to enact much of his legislative agenda. His successor, Lyndon Johnson (1963-1969), sought to build a Great Society by spreading benefits of Americas thriving economy to more citizens. Federal spending increased dramatically, as the government launched such new programs as Medicare (health care for the elderly), Food Stamps (food assistance for the poor), and numerous education initiatives (assistance to students as well as grants to schools and colleges). Military spending also increased as Americans presence in Vietnam grew. What had started as a small military action under Kennedy mushroomed into a significant military initiative during Johnsons presidency. Ironically, spending on both wars the war on poverty and fighting the war in Vietnam contributed to prosperity in the short term. But by the end of the 1960s, the governments failure to raise taxes to pay for these efforts led to accelerating inflation, which eroded this prosperity. The 1970s Effect on the Economy The 1973-1974  oil  embargo by members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) pushed energy prices rapidly higher and created shortages. Even after the embargo ended, energy prices stayed high, adding to inflation and eventually causing rising rates of unemployment. Federal budget  deficits grew, foreign competition intensified, and the stock market sagged. The Vietnam War dragged on until 1975, President Richard Nixon (1969-1973) resigned under a cloud of impeachment charges, and a group of Americans were taken hostage at the U.S. embassy in Tehran and held for more than a year. The nation seemed unable to control events, including economic affairs. Americas trade deficit swelled as low-priced and frequently high-quality imports of everything from automobiles to steel to semiconductors flooded into the United States. This article is adapted from the book Outline of the U.S. Economy by Conte and Carr and has been adapted with permission from the U.S. Department of State.

How to Become a Shot Essay Guru

How to Become a Shot Essay Guru How to Become a Short Essay Guru It doesn’t matter what subject you have: eventually you will be asked to complete a written assignment to show professor how easily you master the topic. While homework and coursework are quite brief and straight to the point, it may be quite confusing to write an essay. When a student gets an assignment to complete a short essay, he becomes quite happy but ‘short’ doesn’t mean ‘simple’ and often becomes a bigger problem. This article aims to help you to avoid all the underwater stones and complete a short essay you can be proud of. The main challenge of a short essay is that you need to limit your ideas and arguments to a certain number of words, remaining thoughtful and deep at the same time. Below is a list of requirements, which you need to follow not depending on a type of a short essay you have to complete. Create an outline When you receive a task for the first time, especially if you need to choose a topic on your own, it is easy to get lost in a huge amount of information you have to process. In such a case, it is useful to create an outline and write down all the thoughts and ideas, which you want to include to your text. When you already know what to write about and are ready to start, don’t forget to divide your thoughts into corresponding paragraphs and parts, which will make the whole text smooth and understandable. Your short essay should consist of a one-paragraph long introduction, body of three paragraphs and a one-paragraph conclusion. Introduction When it comes to a short essay, introduction section becomes even more important, as it is usually not more than a couple of sentences long. You need to make them clear and catchy, persuading the reader to continue. The first sentence should include the main ideas of the whole paper and encourage the audience to go on reading. The last sentence should contain your thesis statement. It reflects the problem for the whole essay, which should be arguable and thought evoking. Body The main three paragraphs of your whole short essay should be devoted to the body. It contains main information on the topic, supported by evidence, various facts and credible information. Every paragraph should start with an argument or a statement, following with its supportive facts. Remember to use various constructions to make your language fluent and smooth. In addition, never forget about the formatting style, as it will significantly increase your grades. It is useful to include quotes and facts but don’t forget to properly cite them and provide credible sources. The body paragraphs should contain all the necessary facts but still be readable and smooth, not overwhelming the reader with excessive information. Conclusions The final paragraph is your chance to present the obtained results, so you need to provide all the information in a couple brief sentences, summing up your whole work. First, you need to show how the body paragraphs correspond with your thesis statement, and then make a conclusion to close the raised question. It doesn’t mean that your conclusions should represent the same thoughts. Try to offer a new outlook on the topic and promote fresh ideas. If your introduction aims to stir the interest, your conclusions should satisfy the reader and close the topic. Proofreading It doesn’t matter how great your short essay is: if it contains mistakes, you are doomed to obtain low grades and redo it all over again. Make sure you edit and proofread your essay after competing it to eliminate lexical, grammatical and orthographical mistakes. Correcting all the errors will make your essay flawless and won’t distract the reader from your thoughts and ideas.

Pop Art and Controversial Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pop Art and Controversial Art - Essay Example The author of the paper states that Chicago Picasso might represent a woman but on the other hand looks like either a horse or even a bird, which can be termed as a cruel comparison of the woman.  To my opinion, controversial art enlightens the public about the reality of the situation while questioning the norms. Some of the Picasso’s artworks were labeled as photography but later the society realized their implication. Therefore, the government’s move to ban a controversial art only blinds the public on reality, embracing on accepted culture.  Pop art can be used to refer to the new look of art that emanated in the 1950s incorporating imagery from the then popular culture. Art is a reflection of the society, and thus pop art emerged to include traits such as advertising, news and so on that had been excluded in the traditional fine arts. Pop art was escalated by the invention of media that exaggerated everything in society. Ambitions of future development and incr eased civilization also provoked art to reflect future phenomenon. Pop art might be considered controversial, possibly due to its timing. However, evaluating the artworks with the modern world position, the pop artist appears very creative. Note that,   pop blurred the line between culture and art, making it possible for art to borrow from any culture regardless of the latter’s position in the already define culture hierarchy.

USA nursing school curriculum Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

USA nursing school curriculum - Research Paper Example The paper tells that nursing education and hence the curriculum of courses providing the courses on nursing have been found to have modified to great extents over the years. In the present times, the courses for nursing education include advanced techniques and measures with purposes of better preparation. Nurses in collaboration with other health officials are now found taking part in this mission. In the United States, the nursing education in different institutions, colleges or universities are accompanied through several opportunities related to the nursing profession. For example, special lectures arranged by leaders in the field of nursing are provided for the nursing students. Also, different associations related to the nursing and health care take part in the educational programs thus enhancing the effects of the courses. US present a picture of advancement and development in the field of nursing education and provide the international students with indefinite opportunities a nd facilities. While students from the home country as well as from abroad come together in the learning process, there is always a mutual learning that occurs between the students. For the particular study, the nursing curriculum of the University of South Carolina has been considered. The College of Nursing in South Carolina under the University of South Carolina follows a nursing curriculum that provides interested candidates with several courses including the Bachelor of Science in Nursing, the Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing Science, Doctor of Nursing Practice, and the Master of Science in Nursing degrees. ... ng (BSN Program Information, n.d.), the Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing Science, Doctor of Nursing Practice, and the Master of Science in Nursing degrees (Graduate Program Information, n.d.). The BSN program as provided by the university is a four-year undergraduate program that combines the studies of the professional course and the knowledge of liberal arts. In it the general knowledge associated with english, chemistry, statistics, biology, psychology, sociology and other elective papers are included. Students completing the undergraduate program are eligible to take the licensure examination that is National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN). On clearing this examination, the nursing candidate can initiate her career in the profession of nursing (BSN Program Information, n.d.). Masters and Dual Masters courses are also offered under the nursing curriculum in the South Carolina College of Nursing. The Doctorate course combines nine courses related to t he development of nursing theory, research and statistics (Graduate Program Information, n.d.). The Nursing Curriculum in USC and Its Success: Assessment and Analysis: Considering the needs and demands of the nursing candidates, and their growing interests in the field, it can be realized that the Bachelor of Science in Nursing proves to be an efficient course successfully preparing students to be able to perform in health organizations. In general the BSN program takes around four years to complete (Nursing, 2012). The college of Nursing under the South Carolina University was incepted in the year 1940 and accredited in 1957. Studies reveal that since then more than 6000 nursing students have completed their nursing courses from the university and started their career in the nursing

Social media as a distraction for African students Essay Example for Free

Social media as a distraction for African students Essay Social media as a distraction for African students social media has formed a massive part of our lives whether we embrace the concept or discard it. Social media is all around us; on all continents and in most countries. It can be likened to death, regarding its inevitable nature. Social media can be defined as the relationship that exists between networks of people. (Walter Riviera, 2004). We as individuals cannot imagine a world without social media, not to talk about the internet. The income or the earnings of some individuals actually come from social media as a result of the advertisement. One can confidently say that social media has been of immense benefit to the general public. It has helped to reduce communication barriers, it has helped us relate better with our friends and relatives, and it has created avenues for business opportunities, but like every natural phenomenon, it has a flip side as well. Social media has been and is still a major distraction for students in Africa and as young adults or students, we are mostly caught up in this web on countless occasions. This paper will talk about how social media has been and is still a distraction for students. Like stated earlier on, social media has been lauded for its benefits to the world. It has helped in terms of socialization, in that, it helps us rewire our relationship with our long-lost friends, it helps people to advertise their products which actually turns their business into a very lucrative one, it also creates avenues for business opportunities and so forth. We could sit and devote our time to describing how social media has been a blessing to this generation but as the saying goes every yin has its yang. Social media like every natural thing has its cons as well. It has become a major distraction for students in almost every country in Africa. According to a report by common sense media, 75% of African teenagers presently have profiles on social networking sites, of which 68% of them use Facebook as their main social networking tool. According to Sephora, a digital marketing website, studies have shown that 50% of 18-24-year-olds go on Facebook when they wake up (Noyes, 200 2). Most students in this modern era, cannot go a day without visiting social media websites, not to even talk about their phones. One major effect of social media on students is that there is no privacy in their lives. The figure below shows the kind of information people put on social media. Students of today find nothing wrong in sharing their personal information on Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn and Facebook because they see it to be the â€Å"new thing† trending or they try to stick to the status quo. Some students deliberately turn a blind eye to the consequences or the effects of putting such information out there, thinking that there are no harmful people in the world or thinking that it’s the status quo. All these information put out there can actually bring harm to the students because there are people out there who have bad intentions or who have the mindset of getting the information of people and blackmailing them. According to daily graphic, a 21 year old girl who always used to put her photos or what is going on in her life on social media was one time blackmailed by one criminal because she put an explicit picture of herself there thinking no one would see and was asked to pay a ransom of GHS100, 000 for the picture not to be leaked. She then h ad to appeal for funds just to be able to redeem herself. It sometimes would not be this easy to come out of blackmailing, so it’s better to avoid all these problems, as the saying goes â€Å"prevention is indeed better than cure†. In the same vein, social media is seen as the cause for the low grades some students get during the exams they take or the assignments they get from school. Most students when in class do not pay attention but rather use their phones with the excuse of â€Å"checking what new song Justin Bieber has released† or â€Å"what dress Serena Williams wore to her recent wedding†. Although it’s good to be up-to-date on the things happening around us, there is time for everything. Time magazine US edition, an article called Wired for distraction, conducted a research and realized that students who are seriously involved in social media have what we call â€Å"continuous partial attention†, which was said by Linda Stone, a Microsoft executive. This means, their attention to focus on one thing or person at a time is nearly impossible. Most students find it very difficult to pay attention in class because they are distracted by the least thing or noise they hear. The c onstant distraction of social media tends to affect how the students learn and absorb information. Students who try to multitask by using their phones to text and surf social networks while listening to the lecturer teach end up not using their brains to its full potential or capacity. According to the University of California, Los Angeles, there are two kinds of learning segments in the brain. The â€Å"focused learner† is one that pays attention and is not distracted by their phones, friends or their laptops. These people use the â€Å"hippocampus† region of the brain, the part of the brain used in long-term memory. And we have the multitaskers; these people try and perform one or more tasks at the same time. They use the part of the brain called the striatum; this part, on the other hand, is normally for those who try and study patterns or habits. Students of today are easily distracted and must learn to pay full attention in class in order to turn their dreams into reality. Social media takes a lot of time from students. Students normally have the intention of checking Facebook or Instagram for a specific amount of time. They plan on spending 5 minutes on social media but before they can say jack, they spend over 3 hours on it. In 2010, the Kaiser family foundation came out with a report that children between the ages of eight (8) to eighteen (18) use over 7 or more hours on social media sites. One research study done by Phil Smith was that once an hour, 9 out of 10 students are distracted by Facebook or Twitter. (Smith, 2011). References Noyes, D. (n.d.). Digital Marketing Consultants top 20 valuable facebook statistics 2017.https://zephoria.com/top-15-valuable-facebook-statistics/Sterling, G. (2014, July 22). Pew: 94% Of Teenagers Use Facebook, Have 425 Facebook Friends, But Twitter Instagram Adoption Way Up. https://marketingland.com/pew-the-average-teenager-has-425-4-facebook-friends-44847 Conley, D. (2011, 19 May). Wired for Distraction: Kids and Social Media. Time Magazine U.S. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article

Colonization Across the Globe Essay -- Colonies World History Economy

Colonization Across the Globe After Christopher Columbus landed in the West Indies in 1492, Spain and Portugal started disputing areas of influence on the South American continent. The dispute was eventually settled by the Pope (Alexander VI), who in 1493, drew up defined areas of influence for the two nations with the idea of spreading Christianity to the natives in those territories. In time the Portuguese territory became known as Brazil, hence the working language of that country to this day is Portuguese, while most of the rest of the continent speaks Spanish. On 1 August 1498, during his third voyage, Columbus finally sighted the South American mainland for the first time. The next white explorer to reach the continent was the Portuguese navigator Pedro Cabral, who anchored off the coast of present day Brazil in April 1500 - a territory which he then claimed for Portugal. However, the claim was ignored for more than 30 years by Portugal itself, whose sailors had in the interim sailed round Africa to India. During this time of Portuguese indifference, the Spanish seized the initiative in Central America and the West Indies. In 1519, the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, then employed by the Spaniards, first sailed up the Rio de la Plata River. He then proceeded south and in November 1520, first sailed round the southernmost part of South America and sighted the Pacific Ocean. 1. Spain In 1519, Cortes with about 600 men set sail for South America with a few cannon and horses. A last minute dispute with the Spanish governor saw Cortes' expedition being officially cancelled, but Cortes continued, later bringing back gold and other riches to the Spanish crown as justification for his expedition. The army sailed west along the Gulf Coast, engaging in a major battle against a local tribe. It was at this first battle that Cortes realized the technological advantage the Europeans possessed: steel armour, guns, cannons and even horses were completely unknown to the people of Central America, and many tribesmen fled at the very sight of a powerful charge horse. These advantages were pressed home remorselessly, and all the native tribes in Central and South America were to pay dearly for being technologically so far behind the Europeans. At the time of the Spanish conquest of Central America, the Aztecs had created an empire which... ...ess Cixi. The terrorist activities of the Boxer society gradually increased during 1899, with Boxer bands attacking all whites on sight. When these bands entered the Chinese capital, Peking, the whites powers sent a small armed column to the Chinese capital to protect the few whites in the city. On 16 June 1900, the Empress Cixi ordered Chinese troops to attack the whites army which was still outside Peking. Then on 18 June 1900, the Empress Cixi publicly called on the Chinese to kill all the whites they could find. Many whites were then murdered: large numbers fled into the fortified foreign embassies in the city. There they were besieged by Chinese. Finally, a combined army consisting of British, French, Russian, German, American and Japanese troops entered Peking on 14 August 1900, relieving the besieged foreign embassies. Peking was then occupied by the whites powers for a year until September 1901, when the Chinese signed a peace treaty in terms of which they had to pay a large indemnity and grant the whites powers the right to station troops in Peking to safeguard the embassies. This situation remained unaltered right up until the early part of the 20th century.

Case Study: Jollibee Foods Corporation Essay

Problem Statement: The newly appointed head of International division Mr Manolo .P. Tingzon is pondering into three key opportunities that the firm Jollibee Food Corporation facing whether to enter the small PNG(Papua New Guinea) market where it will be a first mover, to expand into Hong Kong where is an existing base but the local people doesn’t like Jollibee’s Philippines-based fast food model, and a proposal to share the huge benefit in U.S. market by establishing an operation in California. Objectives: 1. Keep the original business model: franchising 2. Maintaining Marketing investment in building image (symbolization) 3. Local market penetration with strong local brands 4. Highly customer responsiveness 5. Maintain customer value and loyalty 6. Establishing the commercial spots in foreign countries Alternatives: 1. Market entry strategies such as Franchising, Alliances, Joint ventures, Wholly owned subsidiaries 2. Substantive growth strategies: Horizontal and vertical integration strategies 3. Limited growth strategies: Do nothing, Market penetration strategies 4. Retrenchment strategies: Retrenchment, Turnaround strategies Consequences of Alternatives: When analyzing the case study it is clear that Jollibee Inc. has higher pressure to respond to local wishes in Philippines due to the entry of global giants like McDonalds. This is due to the fact that Jollibee had a strong presence in Philippines but at the same it should tackle the adaptation pressure from McDonalds. This is also supported by the fact that Jollibee was franchising their brand to foreign countries on very strict terms which do not allow any changes to the menu. And we can use the goals including Keep the original business model: franchising, Maintaining Marketing investment in building image (symbolization), Local market penetration with strong local brands, Highly customer responsiveness, Maintain customer value and loyalty and Establishing the commercial spots in foreign countries with the four strategy (Market entry strategies, Substantive growth strategies, Limited growth strategies and Retrenchment strategies to established the table 1. Tradeoffs/ Analysis of Alternatives: Tingzon’s decision can based on the table 2 shows below, it can be seen clearly that the Substantive growth strategies (Horizontal and vertical integration strategies) has the highly scores. Because Jollibee entering the markets without any clear cut idea, since Mr. Kitchner strongly believe in gaining the first mover advantage, Jollibee is expanding into the markets where the competitors little are no presence, to â€Å"plant the flag† without any long term perspectives. The company’s strategy can be more identified with the international strategy where the locus of power lies with the parent company in the Philippines. With much of happening in the international arena too. After Kitchners got hired, he encouraged localization by separating international business completely from the domestic ones. Recommendations: Papua New Guinea As evident from the data given in the case, it is quite evident that the company is having immense opportunities in Papua New Guinea. As the market there is untapped and the only competitor there is an unorganized and unprofessional local company, Jollibee can literally get a first mover advantage, therefore JFC must choose the Horizontal and vertical integration strategy. Hong Kong Currently all the three stores established in Hong Kong are facing lot of management issues as mentioned in the problem statement hence it is required that first this management issues must be sorted out rather than putting additional resources in expansion plans California The company has to start with focusing on both the Filipinos as well as local people and design the menu that would help maintaining the brand identity along with catering to the local interests. To put it simple and straight, Company needs to adapt a trans-national strategy.

Do Not Weep Maiden, for War Is Kind

â€Å"Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War is Kind,† was written by the poet Stephen Crane. The poem is a bitter and emotional protest of the horrors of war. It gets much of its strength from using simple but highly descriptive words in contrast with innocence, and also through the use of repetition and sarcasm. The poet portrays bitterness and innocence in the first stanza. It is strongly shown in the lines â€Å"Do not weep, maiden, for war is kind, because your lover threw wild hands towards the sky† (1-2). The maiden is obviously a grieving woman who has received the terrible news of the loss of her lover. It is however the sense of description in the second line which is evoked from the word â€Å"wild† that really describes the awful, vivid moment of death. Constant repetition throughout the poem is also utilized for maximum effect, in particular the deeply sarcastic phrase â€Å"war is kind† and the line â€Å"do not weep† which works well to emphasize the objective of the poem by discouraging the passions of war. The machine of war marches on like a great â€Å"Battle-God† but it is the poor souls who are left behind who suffer. It is the mourning wives, girlfriends and children who are left with nothing but memories of the brave soldiers who have given their lives to the killer machine. The flashiness of war is ridiculed in this poem. Words and phrases such as† booming drums of regiment† (6) and the â€Å"Swift blazing flag of the regiment, eagle with crest of red and gold† (18-19) have a strong, orderly and official glory which is deeply contrasted to that of suffering displayed throughout the poem. The moving tragedy of the story draws to a rapid conclusion with the mother whose humble labor has now produced nothing but a shroud for her son to lie in, along with the other thousand corpses. To further push the point home Crane uses the pronoun of â€Å"your† to directly relate to the reader. In many ways this type of poetry is a type of silent protest of war. It is an expression that has the ability to really get to the heart of the situation as much as a vocal protest. Even if war is an ever present aspect of society, works such as these ensure that its true horrors never fade. By reading such poetry we ensure that even if the brave fallen are gone, they are not forgotten.

Being A Residence Assistant essays

Being A Residence Assistant essays The college lifestyle brings many amazing opportunities to any student that is willing to take advantage of what Curry College has to offer. Along with these new chances also comes some rather difficult obstacles that can be easily over come with the help of a friend or the guidance of a leader. In most cases that leader is the person right down the hall, the Residence Assistant. As I have learned from my personal experience that entering college, as a freshman can be a very scary experience for many reasons. First of all there is a major shift from the home centered family lifestyle to dorm based communal living. This can pose a problem for new students because it takes quite a bit of adjusting to get used to their new surroundings and ways of living. There is also the challenge of getting used to living with a complete stranger in cramped room with not much personal space. The academic pressures and demands in college are also different than they are in high school and even the most scholarly students must find themselves in a state of confusion at some point. Students at Curry College must get to know new teachers and new methods of learning while taking classes that they might have had no previous background in. Finding a quiet comfortable place to study is quite a challenge, never mind having the self-discipline to get oneself there and actually be productive. Finally, finding time for a healthy social life is of critical importance to Penn State students. Making friends, having relationships and involvement in outside the classroom activities is a great way to relax and have fun but it doesnt come without problems. Many students are faced with the issue of finding friends who the actually like and want to spend their time with. Getting involved is a great way to do this but too much extra activities can often lead to a great deal of stress. This stress can create many problems and sometimes students tend to look to th...

U.S. National Intelligence Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U.S. National Intelligence Services - Essay Example All their responsibilities revolve around one thing: â€Å"To maintain peace and prosperity in United States and to eradicate all the evils from the society which are causing disruptions†. Some of its top-most responsibilities are to protect United States from terrorism, intelligence threats, high technology crimes, cyber-based attacks, civil rights etc. It has the duty perform which includes combating and eradicating public corruption at all levels, white collar and violent crime etc. Protecting civil liberties is one of the main aims of FBI in which FBI is responsible to collect all the required information and provided to the foreign intelligence collection agencies. It has to perform its duty in accordance to United States constitutional system. FBI also trains special agents so that they can have an insight, how to carry on civil rights protections programs in the country. This extensive Civil Law instruction greatly helps in maintaining law and order in the country. Responsibilities of FBI have been re-stated and improvised after the social and political impact of the events of 9/11. Its Motto says it all: ‘Fidelity, Bravery, and Integrity’. FBI needs should make such an organizational structure which clearly defines the responsibilities of the supervisors and other employees to increase efficiency. Improving internal security systems and managerial systems will directly improve the management of this agency. Being an individual United States civil agency, CIA has to follow a proper framework of responsibilities set in accordance with Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act 2004 mainly. Conducting counterterrorism and counterintelligence activities is the main responsibility of CIA. Taking care of the special national security matters is what the main duty of CIA is. All these responsibilities can only be carried efficiently and effectively only in one case which is,

Darwin, The Final Nail In the Coffin For Newtonian Religion Essay

Darwin, The Final Nail In the Coffin For Newtonian Religion - Essay Example eligion is likewise wrong in its assumption of passive matter needing the Will of God to set it in motion, that gravity is the ultimate proof of the supernatural act of God, and that the design of the solar system warrants a â€Å"providential God† (Olson, 2004, pp. 123-124). My argument, which favors Mechanism instead of Creation and Design, will further be supported by the weakness of William Paley’s watchmaker argument (Bendz, 1996). The publication of Charles Darwin’s writing The Origin of Species in 1859, wherein he proposed his Evolution Theory and evidences that support his findings, sparked the ancient debate between scientists and the religious (ONeil, 1996). Even before Darwin’s controversial publication, Boucher de Perthes has already put forth archaeologocal artifacts that support the Evolution Theory (ONeil, 1996). However, it was dismissed by scientists and the clergy as they go against what has generally been taught and believed—that God was responsible for all Creation (ONeil, 1996). Thus, Darwin had reopened the age-old debate between science and religion—something that was thought to be reconciled once upon a time through the practice of natural theology, wherein Sir Isaac Newton was a proponent and believer. Natural theology is the process of â€Å"moving from the observable and created to the unobservable and uncreated† as a way of establishing the existence of God (Hart, 2002). Until now, there is still a standing discussion among atheists and the religious, with the scientists being caught in the middle—as the religious aims to use scientific findings as a proof of the existence of God and the atheists, likewise, using science and logic to disprove the notion of a Deity. Scientists who have a firm belief in God have been torn between these two separate schools of thought. Hence, there is a need to look back and trace where the argument came from in order to come to a conclusion on whether science and religion can coalesce and form